Cannabis Extraction Methods: An Overview
Introduction:
Cannabis extraction is a vital process in the production of cannabis products, concentrating and targeting specific molecules from the plant. Various extraction methods have been used for centuries, adapting techniques from agriculture, biopharma, and petrochemical industries. In this article, we explore the most commonly used extraction methods in the creation of cannabis crude oil: CO2, hydrocarbon, ethanol, and the innovative R134a Pure Botanical Extraction (PBX Standard).
CO2 Extraction
One of the most popular cannabis extraction methods utilizes CO2 as a solvent. This method leverages the supercritical properties of CO2 gas to strip materials from botanical substances, a technique also used in the production of perfumes and essential oils.
Process: CO2 extraction for cannabis involves running supercritical CO2 through the plant material to extract cannabinoids. However, terpenes require subcritical extraction, necessitating two separate processes. The entire extraction process is lengthy and requires pressurizing CO2 to about 8800psi (600atm) to act as a solvent for thicker oils.
Pros:
Produces high-quality extracts.
Environmentally friendly, with no toxic residues.
Cons:
Expensive due to the need for high pressure and complex machinery.
Requires post-extraction lipid and wax separation using solvents like ethanol, adding time and cost.
Process: CO2 extraction for cannabis involves running supercritical CO2 through the plant material to extract cannabinoids. However, terpenes require subcritical extraction, necessitating two separate processes. The entire extraction process is lengthy and requires pressurizing CO2 to about 8800psi (600atm) to act as a solvent for thicker oils.
Pros:
Produces high-quality extracts.
Environmentally friendly, with no toxic residues.
Cons:
Expensive due to the need for high pressure and complex machinery.
Requires post-extraction lipid and wax separation using solvents like ethanol, adding time and cost.
Hydrocarbon Extraction
Hydrocarbon extraction employs solvents such as butane or propane to extract targeted molecules from cannabis. This method has gained popularity due to its efficiency where CO2 extraction falls short.
Process: The hydrocarbon solvent washes over the plant matter, breaking it down and concentrating the desired molecules. The solvent is then purged and removed from the biomass, leaving behind the extracted oil.
Pros:
Higher yield rates.
Preserves different terpenes effectively.
Affordable equipment and setup.
Cons:
Volatile solvents pose safety risks due to flammability.
Requires additional steps like vacuum purging and solvent remediation.
Scalability is limited by zoning and safety regulations.
Process: The hydrocarbon solvent washes over the plant matter, breaking it down and concentrating the desired molecules. The solvent is then purged and removed from the biomass, leaving behind the extracted oil.
Pros:
Higher yield rates.
Preserves different terpenes effectively.
Affordable equipment and setup.
Cons:
Volatile solvents pose safety risks due to flammability.
Requires additional steps like vacuum purging and solvent remediation.
Scalability is limited by zoning and safety regulations.
Ethanol Extraction
Ethanol has become a preferred method for many hemp extractors due to its simplicity and scalability. It’s especially effective when the extraction is done with cold ethanol, below -40°F (-40°C).
Process: Ethanol extraction involves soaking the cannabis plant in ethanol to strip away cannabinoids and terpenes. The mixture is then winterized, separating unwanted fats and waxes at sub-zero temperatures.
Pros:
Simple and scalable process.
Produces extracts with almost no fats or lipids.
Cons:
Ethanol can denature the oil, affecting its purity.
High boiling points require temperatures exceeding 212°F (100°C) to separate ethanol from the extract, which can contaminate the solution with terpenes.
Results in a loss of solvent during each extraction cycle, increasing operational costs.
Process: Ethanol extraction involves soaking the cannabis plant in ethanol to strip away cannabinoids and terpenes. The mixture is then winterized, separating unwanted fats and waxes at sub-zero temperatures.
Pros:
Simple and scalable process.
Produces extracts with almost no fats or lipids.
Cons:
Ethanol can denature the oil, affecting its purity.
High boiling points require temperatures exceeding 212°F (100°C) to separate ethanol from the extract, which can contaminate the solution with terpenes.
Results in a loss of solvent during each extraction cycle, increasing operational costs.
R134a Pure Botanical Extraction (PBX Standard)
R134a, a tetrafluoroethane (TFE), is an innovative solvent used in the PBX Standard of cannabis extraction. This method is recognized for its safety, efficiency, and ability to produce post-winterized, full spectrum oils.
Process: R134a extraction is performed at low pressure and room temperatures in a closed loop system. The gas is pressurized, passed through the plant material, and then recovered in a separation tank, leaving the full spectrum oil behind.
Pros:
Safe, non-toxic, and FDA-approved.
Operates at low temperatures, preserving delicate cannabinoids and terpenes.
Requires minimal post-processing, reducing time and costs.
Cons:
Newer method, less widely adopted compared to traditional extraction methods.
Initial setup can be costly due to specialized equipment requirements.
Why PBX Standard?
R134a extraction, as part of the PBX Standard pioneered by COMERG, offers an advanced, reliable method for cannabis extraction. It isolates cannabinoids and terpenes efficiently, ensuring a high-quality, full spectrum extract with minimal residual waxes. This method, recognized as safe by the FDA and EU standards, represents a significant advancement in the extraction industry.
